When police may arrest without warrant -Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973-Khanna & Associates LLP


Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973

When police may arrest without warrant.-

 

 

  • Any police officer may without an order from a Magistrate and without a warrant, arrest any person

 

  • who has been concerned in any cognizable offence, or against whom a reasonable complaint has been made, or credible information has been received, or a reasonable suspicion exists, of his having been so concerned; or
  • who has in his possession without lawful excuse, the burden of proving which excuse shall lie on such person, any implement of house-breaking; or
  • who has been proclaimed as an offender either under this Code or by order of the State Government; or
  • in whose possession anything is found which may reasonably be suspected to be stolen property and who may reasonably be suspected of having committed an offence with reference to such thing; or

    who obstructs a police officer while in the execution of his duty, or who has escaped, or attempts to escape, from lawful custody; or

  • who is reasonably suspected of being a deserter from any of the Armed Forces of the Union; or
  • who has been concerned in, or against whom a reasonable complaint has been made, or credible information has been received, or a reasonable suspicion exists, of his having been concerned in, any act committed at any place out of India which, if committed in India, would have been punishable as an offence, and for which he is, under any law relating to extradition, or otherwise, liable to be apprehended or detained in custody in India; or
  • who, being a released convict, commits a breach of any rule made under sub-section (5) of section 356; or
  • for whose arrest any requisition, whether written or oral, has been received from another police officer, provided that the requisition specifies the person to be arrested and the offence or other cause for which the arrest is to be made and it appears there from that the person might lawfully be arrested without a warrant by the officer who issued the requisition.

(2) Any officer in charge of a police station may, in like manner, arrest or cause to be arrested any person, belonging to one or more of the categories of persons specified in section 109 or section 110.

 

 

Procedure when police officer deputes subordinate to arrest without warrant.-

(1) When any officer in charge of a police station or any police officer making an investigation under Chapter XII requires any officer subordinate to him to arrest without a warrant (otherwise than in his presence) any person who may lawfully be arrested without a warrant, he shall deliver to the officer required to make the arrest an order in writing, specifying the person to be arrested and the offence or other cause for which the arrest is to be made and the officer so required shall, before making the arrest, notify to the person to be arrested the substance of the order and, if so required by such person, shall show him the order.

(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall affect the power of a police officer to arrest a person under section 41.

 

Person arrested not to be detained more than twenty-four hours.-

No police officer shall detail in custody a person arrested without warrant for a longer period than under all the circumstances of the case is reasonable, and such period shall not, in the absence of a special order of a Magistrate under section 167, exceed twenty-four hours exclusive of the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the Magistrate’s Court.

 

 

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a 70 year old  taxation lawyer and chartered accountant firm .It includes Company Secretary , MBA s, Taxation Lawyers and Chartered Accountant. We are an international law firm . We provide various services legal to finance .

 

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a full service Law Firm handling all legal matters on Civil, Criminal, Business, Commercial, Corporate, Arbitration , Labor & Service subjects in law, in all courts  as well  as Tribunals. An individualized service by members with decades of experience    ensures  total satisfaction to the clients.

 

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Divorce FAQs – Frequently Asked Legal Questions About Divorce -Khanna & Associates LLP


A COMPLETE GUIDE ON MUTUAL CONSENT DIVORCE IN INDIA

  • WHAT IS MEANT BY “GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE”?

A “ground” for divorce is a “reason” for divorce. A set of judicially recognized reasons for divorce. You must use one or more of these reasons to justify your divorce.

  • WHAT ARE THE TERMS USED TO IDENTIFY THE PARTIES IN A DIVORCE PROCEEDING?

The party filing the action is called the “Petitioner”, while the other party to the divorce is referred to as the “Respondent”.

  • WHAT ARE THE RECOGNIZED GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE IN HINDU LAWS?

As per Hindu Marriage Act there are various grounds are recognized for divorce like Adultery ,  Cruelty ,  Desertion  Conversion to another religion ,  Unsoundness of mind or mental disorder ,  Virulent and Incurable form of leprosy, Venereal disease  , Renounce the World  ,  Not heard for a period of seven years.
Beside above, there are also other grounds available to wife exclusively.

 

  • IS SPOUSAL SUPPORT OR INTERIM MAINTENACE AVAILABLE WHILE THE DIVORCE IS PENDING IN COURT, OR ONLY AFTER THE DIVORCE HAS BECOME FINAL?

Yes, as per Hindu Marriage Act, interim maintenance can be provided to either of the spouse in case one of the party does not have sufficient means and the other party has sufficient means.

  • IS THERE ANY WAITING PERIOD BEFORE A CASE OF DIVORCE IS FILED IN THE COURT?

Yes, generally a case of divorce is filed only after the expiry of one year of the marriage. However, under exceptional circumstance, this time period can be waived off.

  • WHAT IS THE TOTAL DURATION/TIME OF DIVORCE CASE?

A case of divorce by mutual consent, decree of divorce can be obtained any time after six months and before eighteen months.
In contested divorce cases, divorce is generally obtained after 18 to 30 months and even longer.

  • WHO IS ENTITLED TO HAVE THE CUSTODY OF CHILDREN IN CASE OF CONTESTED DIVORCE?

Basically, this question is determined by the Court of Guardian & Wards. There is no fixed formula as to who would be entitled to have the custody of children. In deciding issue of custody of children, the most important factor is the welfare of the children. Welfare of children is the paramount consideration in deciding this issue.

  • HOW WOULD I KNOW WHERE MY DIVORCE CASE WILL BE FILED?

Your case can be filed at any of the following place:

  • Where marriage has taken place

 

  • Where husband and wife started living soon after the marriage and prior to separation

 

  • Where the respondent is residing

 

  • Wife can also file a case from the place where she is residing after leaving matrimonial home.

 

 

  • HOW LONG WILL ONE HAVE WAIT TO REMARRY AFTER OBTAINING DIVORCE?

As per law, appeal against divorce is to be filed within thirty days. In case appeal is not filed then after thirty days. In case appeal is filed, when appeal is dismissed.

  • IS THE PROCEDURE/STEPS/PROCESS INVOLVED IN GETTING DIVORCE BY MUTUAL CONSENT?

Procedure/steps/process involved by mutual consent:

STEP 1: Divorce Petition will be drafted which will include terms of settlement. Basically, Husband and Wife have to reach to understanding regarding maintenance issue. As per law, there is no minimum or maximum limit. It is basically about the understanding and consensus between the parties.

STEP 2: This Mutual Consent Divorce Petition under section 13(B) in case of Hindu Marriage and under section 28 Divorce Ac1869 in case of Christian Marriage will be filed in the Court supported with affidavits.

STEP 3: Matter will come up for hearing in the Court and generally parties have to be present before the Court and their statement is recorded in the Court.

STEP 4: After recording of statements, First Motion will be passed.

STEP 5: Thereafter, parties will be given time from six months to Eighteen Months to file the Petition for second motion

STEP 6: Step 2 and 3 will be repeated

STEP 7: Court will grant second motion

STEP 8: And immediately thereafter divorce decree will be asked to prepared

STEP 9: With in a week, this divorce decree will be given to the parties or their advocate/s

In order to cut the waiting period of minimum six months before filing Petition for second motion, an application is moved for the waiver of six months period which is generally allowed by the Court in Delhi.

  • WHAT ARE THE DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE PURPOSE OF MUTUAL CONSENT DIVORCE

 

  • Address proof of Husband

 

  • Address proof of Wife

 

  • Marriage Certificate

 

  • Four passport photographs of marriage of both husband and Wife

 

 

  • WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE OF DIVORCE IN CONTESTED CASES?

In contested divorce case, the spouse who wants to initiate action, has to take one of the ground of divorce mentioned under law. A Petition will be drafted which will be filed in the Court. Other spouse, will be asked to make an appearance before the Matrimonial/Divorce Court and to answer reply to the Divorce Petition filed by the other spouse. Then the matter goes in for Trial. Parties have to lead evidence. One who files divorce petition will have to prove its case. After determination of all issues court can pass a divorce.

  • WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE OF DIVORCE FOR NRI, PIO, ETC ?

The procedure for filing divorce cases for NRI, PIO is same as that of others. Procedure for divorce by mutual consent for NRI is also same.

  • WHAT DOES JUDICIAL SEPARATION MEANS?

It is a relief, which is available to either of the spouse. The party which seeks judicial separation has to take one of the grounds mentioned under section 13 of Hindu Marriage Act. Once, a relief is granted, parties are allowed to live separately for one year. If matrimonial ties are not restored then aggrieved party has a right to go to the Court. Thus, judicial separation becomes a separate ground and another ground for Divorce.

  • IS PRESENSE OF BOTH PARTIES IN NRI DIVORCE IS NECESSARY?

YES, without a doubt!

 

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance .

 

Khanna & Associates have associates accross the globe and human resource which are one of its kind .

 

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a full service International Law Firm handling all legal matters on Civil, Criminal, Business, Commercial, Corporate, Arbitration , Labor & Service subjects in law, in all courts as well as Tribunals. An individualized service by members with decades of experience ensures total satisfaction to the clients.

 

The firm relies on the latest computing and communications equipment to enable fast and cost effective services to clients. It makes complete usage of a practical and effective precedent development system to ensure uniformity and time management. The firm has adapted itself successfully to the modern day demands of global competitiveness and competence.

 

The firm possesses a wealth of experience in the field of Law for the last 50 years and is staffed with a team of energetic professionals & lawyers and has associates representing the firm.   Our long experience has made us to understand that clients wish to minimize their involvement with the legal system. They put there full trust in the law firm representing them. The Firm can satisfactorily provide these facilities and more for any work related to and in India. With the greater interest being shown in Indian operations, the firm is ideally suited to act as a window for clearer and updated view of India. In view of the increasing trend in recent legislation to make provisions for penal / punitive remedies, the firm is providing services in Criminal matters. We work together with our clients to avoid legal obstacles, and to handle legal problems in an efficient, professional manner when they do occur. The Firm is retained as Legal Counsel by large number of business houses.

 

We Provide services are:

 

Legal Outsourcing Work (LPO)

Matrimonial

Civil and Criminal

International domain

Infringement of Fundamental Rights

Family Law

Landlord Tenant and Property disputes

Service, Employment and Education matters

Money Recovery

Cheque dishonor

Consumer Disputes – Appellate

Government

Motor Accident Claims

Contracts

Arbitration & Conciliationt

Media laws

Intellectual property/information technology laws

Commercial and corporate transactions

 

 

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A Complete Guide to Mutual Consent Divorce

Divorce of #NRI -Khanna & Associates LLP


 

A COMPLETE GUIDE ON DIVORCE OF NRI

Many non-resident Indians (NRI) come to India to marry girls who are also aspirants to migrate from India by this marriage relation. It is often seen that some NRIs marry local girls, enjoy them and return to the foreign countries with vague hopes behind that their wives would be taken after completion of official formalities. But all those hopes are never materialized. Sometimes they receive papers in India in the form of foreign divorce decree. In the Punjab it is said that the NRI matrimonial frauds account for at least one-fifth of women related complaints to the Punjab State Women’s Commission!

No doubt you can file the case in US and got the divorce over there also but to imply the same in India you have to file the case in India also. Coz you enter into the marriage in India and it is Indian court only who can make divorce also. So the best way is attend the Indian court else even getting divorce from US, you have to again file a case in India to validate and execute the order in India and there are very few lawyers who act on International law and treaties. Further without executing the divorce of first wife you cannot arrange second wife in India in respect of any city. It will amount to bigamy and you will be dealt with criminal charges. The same was held in the case of Y. Narasimha Rao & Ors. v. Y. Venkata Lakshmi & Ors.

The Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Smruti Pahariya Vs Sanjay Pahariya has held the personal presence of both parties required for the purpose giving evidence to show to the satisfaction of the Family court that the consent for divorce exist till the end, there is no withdrawal of the consent by either of them & if any of them is absent there will be no presumption that consent given during the first motion for the divorce shall continue till the end hence both of them should be present at the time of second motion too for ascertaining their consent for divorce.

If both the NRI spouses are Indians and have been married under Hindu marriage Act of 1955 they can seek divorce with mutual consent under section 13-b that provides for divorce by mutual consent.

As far the fault divorce proceeding if the other party fail to file his/her defense the divorce proceedings shall be done ex-parte against that person, the evidence of the petitioner recorded & the decree of divorce passed, whether the other party accept the grounds of divorce or not, his/her absence means he/she has no defense/remain uncontested hence proceeded ex-parte.

 

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance .

Khanna & Associates have associates accross the globe and human resource which are one of its kind .

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a full service International Law Firm handling all legal matters on Civil, Criminal, Business, Commercial, Corporate, Arbitration , Labor & Service subjects in law, in all courts as well  as Tribunals. An individualized service by members with decades of experience ensures total satisfaction to the clients.

 

The firm relies on the latest computing and communications equipment to enable fast and cost effective services to clients. It makes complete usage of a practical and effective precedent development system to ensure uniformity and time management. The firm has adapted itself successfully to the modern day demands of global competitiveness and competence.

 

We Provide services are:

  • Legal Outsourcing Work (LPO)
  • Matrimonial
  • Civil and Criminal
  • International domain
  • Infringement of Fundamental Rights
  • Family Law
  • Landlord Tenant and Property disputes
  • Service, Employment and Education matters
  • Money Recovery
  • Cheque dishonor
  • Consumer Disputes – Appellate
  • Government
  • Motor Accident Claims
  • Contracts
  • Arbitration & Conciliationt
  • Media laws
  • Intellectual property/information technology laws
  • Commercial and corporate transactions

 

Contact Us:

  • khannaandassociates.com
  • cafirm.khannaandassociates.com
  • bestdivorcelawyer.in
  • domesticviolence.co.in

 

IN-+91-9461620007 ,9461620006

US-+1-80151-20200

info@khannaandassociates.com

cafirm.khannaandassociates@gmail.com

What is an annulment of marriage?/What is the difference between a divorce and an annulment?-Khanna & Associates


 A COMPLETE GUIDE ON ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE IN HINDU LAW

A Legal procedure which cancels a marriage between a man and a woman is ‘ANNULMENT’. Annulling a marriage is, legally declaring that the marriage between the two never existed or was never valid.

A marriage can be declared null and void if certain legal requirements were not met at the time of the marriage. If these legal requirements were not met then the marriage is considered to have never existed in the eyes of the law. This process is called annulment. It is very different from divorce in that while a divorce dissolves a marriage that has existed, a marriage that is annulled never existed at all. Thus unlike divorce, it is retroactive: an annulled marriage is considered never to have existed

A petition for annulment can be moved based on certain grounds and these grounds are :

  • Fraud : one of the spouses agreed to marry other based on the misrepresentation or on the lies.
  • Forced Consent : when one of the spouses was threatened or forced into marriage with the other spouse.
  • Bigamy : when either of the spouse was already married to someone else at the time of the marriage in question.
  • Underage : either spouse was too young to be married, or too young to be married without required parental or court consent.
  • Mental Illness
  • Marriage prohibited by law : marriage between parties who comes under prohibited relationships.
  • Inability to Consummate Marriage : either spouse was physically incapable of having sexual relations or impotent during the marriage.
  • Mental Incapacity : when either of the spouse was unable to make the informed consent under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the marriage.

For getting an annulment, a person needs to fill needs to meet the residency requirements of the state that they live in. The jurisdictional requirements are similar to those required for dissolution or divorce: one of the parties must live in the state where the marriage annulment is filed for a continuous ninety-day period. Similar to a divorce filing, marriage annulment case proceeds with a filing, petition, summons, and ancillary documents. An annulment case can be initiated by either the husband or the wife in the marriage. The annulment procedure is similar to that of a standard divorce. A divorce can be much more complicated than an annulment.

Annulment of marriage is very important as there is no point in continuing the marriage which was solemnized on the strength of Fraud, Misrepresentation, Bigamy, etc.

Void Marriages:

Nullity of marriage and divorce- Void marriages – Any marriage solemnized after the commencement of this Act shall be null and void and may, on a petition presented by either party thereto, against the other party be so declared by a decree of nullity if it contravenes any one of the conditions specified in clauses (i), (iv) and (v) of Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955

Voidable Marriages:

A voidable marriage (Section 12 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 )is one where an annulment is not automatic and must be sought by one of the parties. Generally, an annulment may be sought by one of the parties to a marriage if the intent to enter into the civil contract of marriage was not present at the time of the marriage, either due to mental illness, intoxication, duress , fraud or the marriage is in contravention of the condition specified in clause (ii) of Section 5

Section 5 Condition for a Hindu Marriage – A marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus, if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely:

(i) Neither party has a spouse living at the time of the marriage;

(ii) At the time of the marriage, neither party,-

(a) is incapable of giving a valid consent of it in consequence of unsoundness of mind; or

(b) though capable of giving a valid consent has been suffering from mental disorder of such a kind or to such an extent as to be unfit for marriage and the procreation of children; or

(c) has been subject to recurrent attacks of insanity or epilepsy;

(iii) The bridegroom has completed the age of twenty one years and the bride the age of eighteen years at the time of the marriage;

(iv) The parties are not within the degrees of prohibited relationship unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two;

(v) The parties are not sapindas of each other, unless the custom or usage governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two:

An annulment may be granted when a marriage is automatically void under the law for public policy reasons or voidable by one party when certain requisite elements of the marriage contract were not present at the time of the marriage.

 

What is the difference between a divorce and an annulment?
An annulment of marriage is a legal decree that a marriage is null and void. Annulments are granted when a court makes a finding a marriage is invalid. While a divorce ends a legally valid marriage, an annulment treats the marriage as if it never existed.

 

 What is the time limit to get an annulment?

An action for an annulment must be started by a certain time. The time limit depends on the type of marriage. The shortest time to start an annulment is 4 years after the marriage. If you have questions about the time limit to start an annulment, seek legal assistance in your local area .

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance .Khanna & Associates have associates accross the globe and human resource which are one of its kind .

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a full service International Law Firm handling all legal matters on Civil, Criminal, Business, Commercial, Corporate, Arbitration , Labor & Service subjects in law, in all courts as well  as Tribunals. An individualized service by members with decades of experience ensures total satisfaction to the clients.

We Provide services are:

  • Legal Outsourcing Work (LPO)
  • Matrimonial
  • Civil and Criminal
  • International domain
  • Infringement of Fundamental Rights
  • Family Law
  • Landlord Tenant and Property disputes
  • Service, Employment and Education matters
  • Money Recovery
  • Cheque dishonor
  • Consumer Disputes – Appellate
  • Government
  • Motor Accident Claims
  • Contracts
  • Arbitration & Conciliationt
  • Media laws
  • Intellectual property/information technology laws
  • Commercial and corporate transactions

Contact Us:

  • khannaandassociates.com
  • cafirm.khannaandassociates.com
  • bestdivorcelawyer.in
  • domesticviolence.co.in

 

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US-+1-80151-20200

info@khannaandassociates.com

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what is the definition of Stridhan/Rights Of Women on Stridhan-Khanna & AssociatesLLP


 A COMPLETE GUIDE ON STRIDHANA

Meaning of Stridhana: the word Stridhana is composed of two words: Stri (woman) and Dhana (Property). The word means the property belonging to a woman.  As observed in Rajamma’s case, a gift given to a Hindu woman before and after her marriage constitutes woman’s property.

A Hindu female can secure the property from numerous sources but every such property cannot be Stridhana. Whether a property constitutes stridhan depends upon:

  • Sources of the acquired property.
  • The status of the female at the time of acquiring the property, i.e. maidenhood, married status or widowed.

SOURCES OF STRIDHAN:

Properties acquired from the following sources fall under the expression Stridhana-

  • Gift received from relatives.
  • Gifts and bequests from strangers during maidenhood.
  • Property obtained in partition.
  • Property got in lieu of maintenance.
  • Property acquired by inheritance.
  • Property acquired through technical skill and art.
  • Property acquired by compromise.
  • Property acquired by adverse possession.
  • Property purchased with the earnings of the stridhana or with savings of income from stridhana.

 

  • Property acquired lawfully from sources other than those mentioned above.

 

 

 

Rights of Women over Stridhana

The right depends upon the status and source of the stridhana-

  • Unmarried status – Any Hindu woman can dispose of the stridhana voluntarily. However if she is minor, minority renders the incompetency to the right of disposal.
  • Married status: The right of disposal of the stridhana varies with the nature of the stridhana. For this purpose the stridhana has been divided into saudayika and asaudayika stridhana. During marriage the saudayika stridhana gifts of love and affection) – gifts received by a woman from relations on both sides (parents and in-laws) could be alienated freely by her, but asaudayika stridhana all other types of Stridhana such as gifts from stranger, property acquired by self-exertion or the mechanical arts.
  • could be alienated by her with the consent of her husband only. This rule is subject to the condition that where husband and wife live together. Where both have departed, asaudayika stridhana can be disposed of by the wife even without the consent of her husband
  • During widowhood. – During widowhood the woman has an absolute and unrestricted right of alienation of property, irrespective of the fact whether it has been acquired prior or after the death of the husband. Thus she can alienate the properties without any constraint. So far as the question of succession to the property of a woman of bad character is concerned, her bad character does not extingui.sh the blood relationship.

 

STRIDHANA, ITS SUCCESSION UNDER HINDU SUCCESSION ACT, 1956:

Section 14 provided that every property which was in possession of a Hindu female at the time of the enforcement of the Act, whether acquired prior to or subsequent to the Act, became her absolute property.

Section 15 lays down that when a Hindu female dies intestate leaving her stridhana, it would devolve upon the following categories of heir according to the rules provided in Section 16 of the Act:

  • Firstly, upon sons and daughters(including the children of a predeceased son or daughter) and husband;
  • Secondly, upon the heirs of husband;
  • Thirdly, upon father and mother;
  • fourthly, upon the heirs of father;
  • fifthly, upon the heirs of mother;

 

Application under different laws

  • If her husband or any other member of his family who are in possession of such property, dishonestly misappropriate or refuse to return the same, they may be liable to punishment for the offence of criminal breach of trust under 405 & 406 IPC.
  • Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act, 2005 provides for women right to her Stridhana in cases where she is a victim of domestic violence. The provisions of this law can be easily invoked for recovery of Stridhana.
  • Again u/s 18(ii) of the Domestic Violence Act the law says that a woman is entitled to receive the possession of the Stridhana, jewellery, clothes and other necessary items.

 

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance .Khanna & Associates have associates accross the globe and human resource which are one of its kind .

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a full service International Law Firm handling all legal matters on Civil, Criminal, Business, Commercial, Corporate, Arbitration , Labor & Service subjects in law, in all courts as well  as Tribunals. An individualized service by members with decades of experience ensures total satisfaction to the clients.

.We Provide services are:

  • Legal Outsourcing Work (LPO)
  • Matrimonial
  • Civil and Criminal
  • International domain
  • Infringement of Fundamental Rights
  • Family Law
  • Landlord Tenant and Property disputes
  • Service, Employment and Education matters
  • Money Recovery
  • Cheque dishonor
  • Consumer Disputes – Appellate
  • Government
  • Motor Accident Claims
  • Contracts
  • Arbitration & Conciliationt
  • Media laws
  • Intellectual property/information technology laws
  • Commercial and corporate transactions

Contact Us:

  • khannaandassociates.com
  • cafirm.khannaandassociates.com
  • bestdivorcelawyer.in
  • domesticviolence.co.in

 

 IN-+91-9461620007 ,9461620006

US-+1-80151-20200

info@khannaandassociates.com

cafirm.khannaandassociates@gmail.com

 

Alimony: What Do I Need to Know Before Divorce ? -Khanna & Associates LLP


A COMPLETE GUIDE ON ALIMONY

Alimony is called spousal support. It is designed to provide financial support to the lower-income spouse with money for living expenses. Alimony in most states is very much in the discretion of judge. While deciding the same the judge considers several factors whether to grant the alimony or not. It involves:

  • The parties’ relative ability to earn money, both now and in the future.
  • Their respective age and health.
  • The length of the marriage.
  • The kind of property involved.
  • The conduct of the parties.

And for deciding the quantum of the amount to be paid as alimony the courts consider the following factors :

  • How much money each person could reasonably earn every month.
  • What the reasonable expenses are going to be for each of them.
  • Whether an alimony award from one to the other would make it possible for each to go forward with a lifestyle somewhat close to what the couple had before they split—known in divorce law as “the standard of living established during the marriage.”
  • Any factor which court may feel relevant.

In general, there are four types of alimony:

  • Temporary alimony: Support ordered when the parties are separated prior to divorce. Also called alimony pendente lite, which is Latin, meaning, “pending the suit”.
  • Rehabilitative alimony: Support given to a lesser-earning spouse for a period of time necessary to acquire work outside the home and become self-sufficient.
  • Permanent alimony: Support paid to the lesser-earning spouse until the death of the payor, the death of the recipient, or the remarriage of the recipient.
  • Reimbursement alimony: Support given as a reimbursement for expenses incurred by a spouse during the marriage (such as educational expenses).

Alimony is an award for support and maintenance that one spouse may be compelled to pay to anotherafter dissolution of the marriage, it would seem to follow that no alimony could be awarded to a spousefollowing an Annulment, which treats the marriage relationship as if it had never existed.

Alimony is often deemed “rehabilitative,” that is, it is ordered for only so long as is necessary for the recipient spouse to receive training and become self-supporting. If the divorce decree does not specify a spousal support termination date, the payments must continue until the court orders otherwise. Most awards end if the recipient remarries.

 

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance .Khanna & Associates have associates accross the globe and human resource which are one of its kind .

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Relief Under The Protection of Domestic Violence Against Women in India-Khanna & Associates LLP


Relief Under  The Protection of Domestic Violence Against Women in India-Khanna & Associates LLP

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance .

A COMPLETE GUIDE ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA

The status of women as depicted in the Manu Smritis is as under:

Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra Devata, yatraitaastu na pujyante sarvaastatrafalaah kriyaah” which means Women are honored where, divinity blossoms there, and where women are dishonored, all action no matter how noble remain unfruitful.

 

Definition

 

“violence against women” is understood as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women and shall mean all acts of gender-based violence that result in, or are likely to result in, physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”

  • The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 differs from the provision of the Penal Code – section 498A of the Indian Penal Code – in that it provides a broader definition of domestic violence.
  • Domestic violence is defined by Section 3 of the Act as[4] “any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it:
  • harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
  • harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or
  • has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or
  • otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person.”

 

The Act goes on, through the section Explanation 1, to define “physical abuse”,”sexual abuse”, “verbal and emotional abuse” and “economic abuse”.

Violence against women can take a number of forms:

 

Physical Abuse:

Hitting, slapping, shoving, grabbing, pinching, biting, hair pulling, etc are types of physical abuse. This type of abuse also includes denying a partner medical care or forcing alcohol and/or drug use upon him or her.

 

Sexual Abuse

: Coercing or attempting to coerce any sexual contact or behavior without consent. Sexual abuse includes, but is certainly not limited to, marital rape, attacks on sexual parts of the body, forcing sex after physical violence has occurred, or treating one in a sexually demeaning manner.

 

Emotional Abuse

Undermining an individual’s sense of self-worth and/or self-esteem is abusive. This may include, but is not limited to constant criticism, diminishing one’s abilities, name-calling, or damaging one’s relationship with his or her children.

Economic Abuse

Is defined as making or attempting to make an individual financially dependent by maintaining total control over financial resources, withholding one’s access to money, or forbidding one’s attendance at school or employment.

Psychological Abuse:

Elements of psychological abuse include – but are not limited to – causing fear by intimidation; threatening physical harm to self, partner, children, or partner’s family or friends; destruction of pets and property; and forcing isolation from family, friends, or school and/or work.

 

Domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, religion, or gender. Domestic violence affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels. Domestic violence occurs in both opposite-sex and same-sex relationships and can happen to intimate partners who are married, living together, or dating.

 

Rape

Rape is a type of sexual assault, usually involving sexual intercourse. Rape is usually perpetrated by men against boys, women, and girls; women are usually assaulted more often than boys and girls and usually all by someone they know.

Victims of rape can be severely traumatized and may suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder; in addition to psychological harm resulting from the act, rape may cause physical injury, or have additional effects on the victim, such as acquiring of a sexually transmitted infection or becoming pregnant.

Violence against victims

Following a rape, a victim may face violence or threats of violence from the rapist, and, in some cultures, from the victim’s own family and relatives. Violence or intimidation of the victim may be perpetrated by the rapist or by friends and relatives of the rapist, as a way of preventing the victims from reporting the rape, of punishing them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint; or it may be perpetrated by the relatives of the victim as a punishment for “bringing shame” to the family. This is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in honor killings. Victims may also be forced by their families to marry the rapist in order to restore the family’s “honor”.

Honor killings

 

Honor killings are a common form of violence against women in certain parts of the world. In honor killings, women and girls are killed by family members (usually husbands, fathers, uncles or brothers) because the women are believed to have brought shame or dishonor upon the family. These killings are a traditional practice, believed to have originated from tribal customs where an allegation against a woman can be enough to defile a family’s reputation. Women are killed for reasons such as refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives, attempting to leave a marriage, having sex outside marriage, becoming the victim of rape, dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate.

Acid attack victim

 

Acid throwing, also called acid attack, or vitriolage, is defined as the act of throwing acid onto the body of a person “with the intention of injuring or disfiguring [them] out of jealousy or revenge”. The most common types of acid used in these attacks are sulfuric, nitric, or hydrochloric acid Perpetrators of these attacks throw acid at their victims, usually at their faces, burning them, and damaging skin tissue, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones .The long term consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scarring of the face and body. Women and girls are the victims in 75-80% of cases Acid attacks are often connected to domestic disputes, including dowry disputes, and refusal of a proposition for marriage, or of sexual advances. Such attacks are common in South Asia, in countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, India; and in Southeast Asia, especially in Cambodia

Forced marriage

 

A forced marriage is a marriage in which one or both of the parties is married against their will. Forced marriages are common in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. The customs of bride price and dowry, that exist in many parts of the world, contribute to this practice. A forced marriage is also often the result of a dispute between families, where the dispute is ‘resolved’ by giving a female from one family to the other.

The custom of bride kidnapping continues to exist in some Central Asian countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the Caucasus, or parts of Africa, especially Ethiopia. A girl or a woman is abducted by the would be groom, who is often helped by his friends. The victim is often raped by the would be groom, after which he may try to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage.

Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is abusive, uninvited and unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature, typically in the work/studying place, which may include intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. It can be verbal or physical, and it is often perpetrated by a person in a position of authority against a subordinate. In the United States, sexual harassment is a form of discrimination which violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence defines sexual harassment as: “any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment.”

Human trafficking and forced prostitution

A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking

Human trafficking refers to the acquisition of persons by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children states that:

   “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”.

 

Because of the illegal nature of trafficking, reliable data on its extent is very limited. The WHO states that: “Current evidence strongly suggests that those who are trafficked into the sex industry and as domestic servants are more likely to be women and children.”A study in Europe on trafficked women found that the women were subjected to serious forms of abuse, such as physical or sexual violence, which affected their physical and mental health.

Forced prostitution is prostitution which takes place as a result of coercion by a third party. In forced prostitution, the party/parties who force the victim to be subjected to unwanted sexual acts exercise control over the victim.

Mistreatment of widows

 

A widow is a woman whose spouse has died. In some parts of the world, widows are subjected to serious forms of abuse, often fueled by traditional practices such as widow inheritance. The sacrifice of widows (such as sati) has been prevalent historically in various cultures (especially in India). Although sati in India is today an almost defunct practice, isolated incidents have occurred in recent years, such as the 1987 sati of Roop Kanwar, as well as several incidents in rural areas in 2002,

 

The salient features of the Protection from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 are as follows:

 

The Act seeks to cover those women who are or have been in a relationship with the abuser where both parties have lived together in a shared household and are related by consanguinity, marriage or a relationship in the nature of marriage, or adoption; in addition relationship with family members living together as a joint family are also included. Even those women who are sisters, widows, mothers, single women, or living with them are entitled to get legal protection under the proposed Act.

“Domestic violence” includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse that is physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic. Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the woman or her relatives would also be covered under this definition.

 

One of the most important features of the Act is the woman’s right to secure housing. The Act provides for the woman’s right to reside in the matrimonial or shared household, whether or not she has any title or rights in the household. This right is secured by a residence order, which is passed by a court. These residence orders cannot be passed against anyone who is a woman.

The other relief envisaged under the Act is that of the power of the court to pass protection orders that prevent the abuser from aiding or committing an act of domestic violence or any other specified act, entering a workplace or any other place frequented by the abused, attempting to communicate with the abused, isolating any assets used by both the parties and causing violence to the abused, her relatives and others who provide her assistance from the domestic violence.

The Act provides for breach of protection order or interim protection order by the respondent as a cognizable and non-bailable offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees or with both. Similarly, non-compliance or discharge of duties by the Protection Officer is also sought to be made an offence under the Act with similar punishment.

 

While “economic abuse” includes deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the victim is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a Court or otherwise or which the victim requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by her, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance and disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the victim has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be reasonably required by the victim or her children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by the victim and prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the victim is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the shared household, “physical abuse” means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause bodily pain, harm or danger to life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of the victim and includes assault, criminal intimidation and criminal force.

Application to the magistrate

 

An application regarding domestic violence can be presented to the magistrate seeking one or more reliefs mentioned in sections by:

  • The aggrieved person,
  • Protection officer on behalf of aggrieved person
  • Any other person on behalf of aggrieved person

 

Jurisdiction of court

 

The first class magistrate court or metropolitan court shall be the competent court within the local limits of which

  • The aggrieved person permanently or temporary resides or carries on business or is employed
  • The respondent permanently or temporally resides or carries on business or is employed or
  • The cause of action arises.

 

Any order made under this Act shall be enforceable throughout India While disposing application the magistrate shall take in to consideration any domestic incident report received from the protection officer or service provider. The relief sought under this section includes the issuance of order of payment or compensation or damages without prejudice to the right of such person to institute suit for compensation or damages for injuries caused by the act of domestic violence. If the magistrate is satisfied that an application prima facie discloses that the respondent is committing or has committed an act of domestic violence or there is a likelihood of such violence, he may grant following exparte interim order against the respondent on the basis of affidavit of the aggrieved person. Magistrate can issue different orders such as Protection order, residence order, monetary relief, custody order or compensatory orders as per the circumstances of the case.

 

In case of an earlier decree of compensation or damages passed by any other court, in favour of aggrieved person, the amount if any paid shall be set off against the order of amount payable under this act. The application to the magistrate shall be as nearly possible to the formats prescribed under this Act and Rules. After receiving the application the Magistrate shall fix the date of first hearing within 3 days and the magistrate shall endeavor to dispose of every application be within a period of 60 days of the first hearing. The notice of the date of hearing shall be given by the magistrate to the protection officer who shall get it served to the respondent. At any stage of the application, the magistrate may order, counselling of the respondent or aggrieved person either singly or jointly with any member of service provider. The magistrate may secure the service of suitable person preferably a woman including a person engaged in the welfare of women for assisting the court in the discharge of its function. If the circumstance of the case so warrant and if either party so desires the magistrate may conduct the proceedings on camera.

Right to reside in a shared house hold

 

Every women in a domestic relationship shall have the right to reside in the shared household, irrespective of the fact that she has right, title or beneficial interest in it. The aggrieved person shall not be evicted from the shared house hold or any part of it by the respondent without the procedure established by the law. The Hon’ble Supreme court in a case, S.R Batra and another V Smt Taruna Batra, held that the exclusive property of mother -in-law of Smt Taruna Batra is not a shared household as defined in S.2 of the Act. shared property means the house belongs to husband or taken rent by him or joint family property. Wherever the couple lived together in the past and treating that property as shared household would lead to chaos and such interpretation would be absurd.

Different kinds of order issued by the Magistrate

Protection orders

After giving an opportunity to the aggrieved person and respondent of being heard and the magistrate is satisfied that a prima facie case of domestic violence has taken place or is likely to take place, pass a protection order in favour of the aggrieved person prohibiting the respondent from the following acts such as Committing any acts of domestic violence

 

  • Aiding or abetting in the act of domestic violence
  • Entering the place of employment of aggrieved person or if the person is child, its school or any other places
  • Attempting to communicate in any form including personal, oral or written, electronic or telephonic contact
  • Alienating any assets, operating bank account, bank locker held or enjoyed by both parties jointly or singly by the respondent including her sthridhan
  • Causing violence to the dependents, or other relative or any other person who give the assistance to the aggrieved person or
  • Committing any other acts specified by the protection officer

 

Residence orders

 

The magistrate being satisfied that a domestic violence has taken place, pass residence order-

  • Restraining the respondent from dispossessing or in any manner disturbing the peaceful possession of the shared household
  • Directing the respondent to remove himself from the shared household
  • Restraining the respondent or his relatives from entering any portion of the shared house hold where the aggrieved person lives
  • Restraining the respondent from alienating or disposing of the shared house hold or encumbering it
  • Restraining the respondent from renouncing his right in the shared household
  • Directing the respondent to secure same level of alternate accommodation for the aggrieved person as enjoyed by her or to pay rent for the same if the circumstances so require.

 

No order shall be made against women under this section. Magistrate may impose additional condition and pass any other order to protect the safety of the aggrieved person or her child. Magistrate is also empowered to order direction the concerned station house officer of the police station to give protection to the aggrieved person r to assist in implementing his order. Magistrate may also impose on the respondent to direct stridhan or any other property or valuabale security she is entitled

Monetary relief

 

The magistrate may direct the respondent to pay monetary relief to meet the expenses of the aggrieved person and any child as a result of domestic violence and such relief include

  • Loss of earnings
  • Medical expenses
  • Loss caused due to destruction or removal or damage of any property
  • Pass order as to maintenance for the aggrieved person as well as her children if any

 

Including the order under or in addition to an order of maintenance under section 125 criminal procedure code or any other law.

 

The quantum of relief shall be fair reasonable and consistent with the standard of living to which the aggrieved person is accustomed to. Magistrate can order a lump sum amount also . On failure of the respondent to make payment of this order, magistrate shall order employer or debtor of the respondent to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit in the court a portion of the salary or wage due to the respondent. Magistrate can order a lump sum amount also . On failure of the respondent to make payment of this order, magistrate shall order employer or debtor of the respondent to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit in the court a portion of the salary or wage due to the respondent.

Custody orders

 

Magistrate can grant temporary custody of any child or children to the aggrieved person or to the person making application on her behalf and specify the arrangements for visit of such child by the respondent. Magistrate can refuse the visit of such respondent in such case if it may harmful to the interest of the child.

Compensation orders

 

Magistrate may pass order directing the respondent to pay compensation to the petitioner for injuries including mental torture and emotional distress caused by the acts of domestic violence committed by the respondent.

Copies of orders passed by the magistrate shall be supplied free of cost to the parties concerned and police officer and service provider

Any relief available under this Act may also be sought in any other legal proceedings before a civil court,family court or criminal court and such relief may be sought in addition to and along with relief sought for in suit, or legal proceeding before civil or criminal court.

 

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a full service International Law Firm handling all legal matters on Civil, Criminal, Business, Commercial, Corporate, Arbitration , Labor & Service subjects in law, in all courts as well as Tribunals. An individualized service by members with decades of experience ensures total satisfaction to the clients.

 

The firm relies on the latest computing and communications equipment to enable fast and cost effective services to clients. It makes complete usage of a practical and effective precedent development system to ensure uniformity and time management. The firm has adapted itself successfully to the modern day demands of global competitiveness and competence. The firm possesses a wealth of experience in the field of Law for the last 50 years and is staffed with a team of energetic professionals & lawyers and has associates representing the firm.

 

Our long experience has made us to understand that clients wish to minimize their involvement with the legal system. They put there full trust in the law firm representing them. The Firm can satisfactorily provide these facilities and more for any work related to and in India. With the greater interest being shown in Indian operations, the firm is ideally suited to act as a window for clearer and updated view of India. In view of the increasing trend in recent legislation to make provisions for penal / punitive remedie, the firm is providing services in Criminal matters. We work together with our clients to avoid

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Male victims of family violence and abuse-Khanna & Associates LLP


A Guide to Male Victims Under Domestic/Family Violence –Khanna & Associates LLP

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance

While the majority of domestic violence victims are women, abuse of men happens far more often than you’d probably expect. Typically, men are physically stronger than women but that doesn’t necessarily make it easier to escape the violence or the relationship. An abused man faces a shortage of resources, skepticism from police, and major legal obstacles, especially when it comes to gaining custody of his children from an abusive mother. No matter your age, occupation, or sexual orientation, though, you can overcome these challenges and escape the abuse.

If you’re a man in an abusive relationship, it’s important to know that you’re not alone. It happens to men from all cultures and all walks of life. Figures suggest that as many as one in three victims of domestic violence are male. However, men are often reluctant to report abuse by women because they feel embarrassed, or they fear they won’t be believed, or worse, that police will assume that since they’re male they are the perpetrator of the violence and not the victim.

An abusive wife or partner may hit, kick, bite, punch, spit, throw things, or destroy your possessions. To make up for any difference in strength, she may attack you while you’re asleep or otherwise catch you by surprise. She may also use a weapon, such as a gun or knife, or strike you with an object, abuse or threaten your children, or harm your pets. Of course, domestic abuse is not limited to violence. Your spouse or partner may also:

 

  • Verbally abuse you, belittle you, or humiliate you in front of friends, colleagues, or family, or on social media sites.
  • Be possessive, act jealous, or harass you with accusations of being unfaithful.
  • Take away your car keys or medications, try to control where you go and who you see.
  • Try to control how you spend money or deliberately default on joint financial obligations.
  • Make false allegations about you to your friends, employer, or the police, or find other ways to manipulate and isolate you.
  • Threaten to leave you and prevent you from seeing your kids if you report the abuse.

 

IMPACTS ON MALE VICTIMS

The impacts of family violence on male victims include:

  • Fear and loss of feelings of safety
  • Feelings of guilt and/or shame
  • Difficulties in trusting others
  • Anxiety and flashbacks
  • Unresolved anger
  • Loneliness and isolation
  • Low self-esteem and/or self-hatred
  • Depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm and attempted suicide
  • Use of alcohol or other drugs to cope with the abuse
  • Physical injuries
  • Sexual dysfunction and/or impotence
  • Loss of work
  • Loss of home
  • Physical illness
  • Loss of contact with children and/or step-children
  • Concern about children post separation.

 

To add insult to injury, male victims of family violence often find it distressing to see social marketing campaigns such as Violence Against Women Australia Says No (federal) and Don’t Cross the Line (SA), which suggest that men are the only perpetrators of family violence and women and children the only victims.

Gay men can be reluctant to report the abuse they are suffering because they are afraid of revealing their sexual orientation. They can also suffer threats of ‘outing’ of their sexual preference or HIV status by the perpetrator. The perpetrator might also tell them that no one will help because the police and the justice system are homophobic.

 

CHILDREN OF MALE VICTIMS

Children of male victims of intimate partner violence can suffer the same impacts as children of female victims, including

  • The abuse of witnessing family violence by their parents or step-parents
  • Direct violence and abuse themselves
  • Negative impacts on their behavioural, cognitive and emotional functioning and social development
  • Harm to their education and later employment prospects
  • Shaping their attitudes to violence in positive or negative directions
  • The possibility of being more likely to grow up to perpetrate violence in their own relationships (the majority however do not).

 

 

Male victims of family violence and abuse – like women – often face many barriers to disclosing their abuse:

 

  • They are likely to be told that there must be something they did to provoke the perpetrator’s abuse
  • They can suffer shame, embarrassment and the social stigma of not being able to protect themselves
  • They can fear that if they disclose the abuse there will be nowhere for them and their children to escape to
  • In cases of intimate partner violence, they can fear that if they disclose the abuse or end the relationship, their partner might become more abusive and/or take the children
  • They can feel uncertain about where to seek help, or how to seek help
  • Services are less likely to ask whether a man is a victim of family violence, and when they do ask, they are less likely to believe him (indeed many health departments have mandatory domestic violence screening for young women, but no such screening for young men)
  • Male victims can be falsely arrested and removed from their homes because of the assumption that because they are male, they must be a perpetrator and not a victim. When this happens, children can be left unprotected from the perpetrator of the violence, leading many men to suffer the abuse in silence in an attempt to protect their children.

Because of these barriers, men are much less likely to report being a victim of family violence than are women (and women also frequently don’t report violence against them).

FORMS OF ABUSE

 

Abuse of men takes many of the same forms as it does against women – physical violence, intimidation and threats; sexual, emotional, psychological, verbal and financial abuse; property damage and social isolation. Many men experience multiple forms of abuse. Men, more so than women, can also experience legal and administrative abuse – the use of institutions to inflict further abuse on a victim, for example, taking out false restraining orders or not allowing the victim access to his children.

 

Break the cycle

If you’re in an abusive situation, you might recognize this pattern:

  • Your abuser threatens violence.
  • Your abuser strikes you.
  • Your abuser apologizes, promises to change and offers gifts.
  • The cycle repeats itself.
  • Typically the violence becomes more frequent and severe over time.

 

Domestic violence can leave you depressed and anxious. You might be more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs or engage in unprotected sex. Because men are traditionally thought to be physically stronger than women, you might be less likely to report domestic violence in your heterosexual relationship due to embarrassment. You might also worry that the significance of the abuse will be minimized because you’re a man. Similarly, a man being abused by another man might be reluctant to talk about the problem because of how it reflects on his masculinity or because it exposes his sexual orientation.

Start by telling someone about the abuse, whether it’s a friend, relative, health care provider or other close contact. At first, you might find it hard to talk about the abuse. However, you’ll also likely feel relief and receive much-needed support.

 

KHANNA & ASSOCIATES is a full service International Law Firm handling all legal matters on Civil, Criminal, Business, Commercial, Corporate, Arbitration , Labor & Service subjects in law, in all courts as well as Tribunals. An individualized service by members with decades of experience ensures total satisfaction to the clients.

 

The firm relies on the latest computing and communications equipment to enable fast and cost effective services to clients. It makes complete usage of a practical and effective precedent development system to ensure uniformity and time management. The firm has adapted itself successfully to the modern day demands of global competitiveness and competence. The firm possesses a wealth of experience in the field of Law for the last 50 years and is staffed with a team of energetic professionals & lawyers and has associates representing the firm.

 

Our long experience has made us to understand that clients wish to minimize their involvement with the legal system. They put there full trust in the law firm representing them. The Firm can satisfactorily provide these facilities and more for any work related to and in India. With the greater interest being shown in Indian operations, the firm is ideally suited to act as a window for clearer and updated view of India. In view of the increasing trend in recent legislation to make provisions for penal / punitive remedie, the firm is providing services in Criminal matters. We work together with our clients to avoid

legal obstacles, and to handle legal problems in an efficient, professional manner when they

do occur. The Firm is retained as Legal Counsel by large number of business houses.

 

 

 

 

Contact Us:

 

  • IN-+91-9461620007 ,9461620006
  • US-+1-80151-20200
  • info@khannaandassociates.com
  • khannaandassociates@gmail.com

 

 

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA


A COMPLETE GUIDE ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA

 

Khanna & Associates LLP founded in 1948 by Late Amarnath Singh Khanna is a giant of its kind.It is a conglomerate of Diversified Acumen with its verticals ranging from Legal to Finance .

Definition

 

“violence against women” is understood as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women and shall mean all acts of gender-based violence that result in, or are likely to result in, physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life”

  • The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 differs from the provision of the Penal Code – section 498A of the Indian Penal Code – in that it provides a broader definition of domestic violence.
  • Domestic violence is defined by Section 3 of the Act as[4] “any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it:
  • harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
  • harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or
  • has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or
  • otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person.”

 

The Act goes on, through the section Explanation 1, to define “physical abuse”,”sexual abuse”, “verbal and emotional abuse” and “economic abuse”.

Violence against women can take a number of forms:

 

Physical Abuse:

Hitting, slapping, shoving, grabbing, pinching, biting, hair pulling, etc are types of physical abuse. This type of abuse also includes denying a partner medical care or forcing alcohol and/or drug use upon him or her.

 

Sexual Abuse

: Coercing or attempting to coerce any sexual contact or behavior without consent. Sexual abuse includes, but is certainly not limited to, marital rape, attacks on sexual parts of the body, forcing sex after physical violence has occurred, or treating one in a sexually demeaning manner.

 

Emotional Abuse

Undermining an individual’s sense of self-worth and/or self-esteem is abusive. This may include, but is not limited to constant criticism, diminishing one’s abilities, name-calling, or damaging one’s relationship with his or her children.

Economic Abuse

Is defined as making or attempting to make an individual financially dependent by maintaining total control over financial resources, withholding one’s access to money, or forbidding one’s attendance at school or employment.

Psychological Abuse:

Elements of psychological abuse include – but are not limited to – causing fear by intimidation; threatening physical harm to self, partner, children, or partner’s family or friends; destruction of pets and property; and forcing isolation from family, friends, or school and/or work.

 

Domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, religion, or gender. Domestic violence affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels. Domestic violence occurs in both opposite-sex and same-sex relationships and can happen to intimate partners who are married, living together, or dating.

 

Rape

Rape is a type of sexual assault, usually involving sexual intercourse. Rape is usually perpetrated by men against boys, women, and girls; women are usually assaulted more often than boys and girls and usually all by someone they know.

Victims of rape can be severely traumatized and may suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder; in addition to psychological harm resulting from the act, rape may cause physical injury, or have additional effects on the victim, such as acquiring of a sexually transmitted infection or becoming pregnant.

Violence against victims

Following a rape, a victim may face violence or threats of violence from the rapist, and, in some cultures, from the victim’s own family and relatives. Violence or intimidation of the victim may be perpetrated by the rapist or by friends and relatives of the rapist, as a way of preventing the victims from reporting the rape, of punishing them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint; or it may be perpetrated by the relatives of the victim as a punishment for “bringing shame” to the family. This is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in honor killings. Victims may also be forced by their families to marry the rapist in order to restore the family’s “honor”.

Honor killings

 

Honor killings are a common form of violence against women in certain parts of the world. In honor killings, women and girls are killed by family members (usually husbands, fathers, uncles or brothers) because the women are believed to have brought shame or dishonor upon the family. These killings are a traditional practice, believed to have originated from tribal customs where an allegation against a woman can be enough to defile a family’s reputation. Women are killed for reasons such as refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives, attempting to leave a marriage, having sex outside marriage, becoming the victim of rape, dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate.

Acid attack victim

 

Acid throwing, also called acid attack, or vitriolage, is defined as the act of throwing acid onto the body of a person “with the intention of injuring or disfiguring [them] out of jealousy or revenge”. The most common types of acid used in these attacks are sulfuric, nitric, or hydrochloric acid Perpetrators of these attacks throw acid at their victims, usually at their faces, burning them, and damaging skin tissue, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones .The long term consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scarring of the face and body. Women and girls are the victims in 75-80% of cases Acid attacks are often connected to domestic disputes, including dowry disputes, and refusal of a proposition for marriage, or of sexual advances. Such attacks are common in South Asia, in countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, India; and in Southeast Asia, especially in Cambodia

Forced marriage

 

A forced marriage is a marriage in which one or both of the parties is married against their will. Forced marriages are common in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. The customs of bride price and dowry, that exist in many parts of the world, contribute to this practice. A forced marriage is also often the result of a dispute between families, where the dispute is ‘resolved’ by giving a female from one family to the other.

The custom of bride kidnapping continues to exist in some Central Asian countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the Caucasus, or parts of Africa, especially Ethiopia. A girl or a woman is abducted by the would be groom, who is often helped by his friends. The victim is often raped by the would be groom, after which he may try to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage.

Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is abusive, uninvited and unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature, typically in the work/studying place, which may include intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. It can be verbal or physical, and it is often perpetrated by a person in a position of authority against a subordinate. In the United States, sexual harassment is a form of discrimination which violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence defines sexual harassment as: “any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment.”

Human trafficking and forced prostitution

A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking

Human trafficking refers to the acquisition of persons by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children states that:

   “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”.

 

Because of the illegal nature of trafficking, reliable data on its extent is very limited. The WHO states that: “Current evidence strongly suggests that those who are trafficked into the sex industry and as domestic servants are more likely to be women and children.”A study in Europe on trafficked women found that the women were subjected to serious forms of abuse, such as physical or sexual violence, which affected their physical and mental health.

Forced prostitution is prostitution which takes place as a result of coercion by a third party. In forced prostitution, the party/parties who force the victim to be subjected to unwanted sexual acts exercise control over the victim.

Mistreatment of widows

 

A widow is a woman whose spouse has died. In some parts of the world, widows are subjected to serious forms of abuse, often fueled by traditional practices such as widow inheritance. The sacrifice of widows (such as sati) has been prevalent historically in various cultures (especially in India). Although sati in India is today an almost defunct practice, isolated incidents have occurred in recent years, such as the 1987 sati of Roop Kanwar, as well as several incidents in rural areas in 2002,

 

The salient features of the Protection from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 are as follows:

 

The Act seeks to cover those women who are or have been in a relationship with the abuser where both parties have lived together in a shared household and are related by consanguinity, marriage or a relationship in the nature of marriage, or adoption; in addition relationship with family members living together as a joint family are also included. Even those women who are sisters, widows, mothers, single women, or living with them are entitled to get legal protection under the proposed Act.

“Domestic violence” includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse that is physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic. Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the woman or her relatives would also be covered under this definition.

 

One of the most important features of the Act is the woman’s right to secure housing. The Act provides for the woman’s right to reside in the matrimonial or shared household, whether or not she has any title or rights in the household. This right is secured by a residence order, which is passed by a court. These residence orders cannot be passed against anyone who is a woman.

The other relief envisaged under the Act is that of the power of the court to pass protection orders that prevent the abuser from aiding or committing an act of domestic violence or any other specified act, entering a workplace or any other place frequented by the abused, attempting to communicate with the abused, isolating any assets used by both the parties and causing violence to the abused, her relatives and others who provide her assistance from the domestic violence.

The Act provides for breach of protection order or interim protection order by the respondent as a cognizable and non-bailable offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees or with both. Similarly, non-compliance or discharge of duties by the Protection Officer is also sought to be made an offence under the Act with similar punishment.

 

While “economic abuse” includes deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the victim is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a Court or otherwise or which the victim requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by her, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance and disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the victim has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be reasonably required by the victim or her children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by the victim and prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the victim is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the shared household, “physical abuse” means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause bodily pain, harm or danger to life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of the victim and includes assault, criminal intimidation and criminal force.

Application to the magistrate

 

An application regarding domestic violence can be presented to the magistrate seeking one or more reliefs mentioned in sections by:

  • The aggrieved person,
  • Protection officer on behalf of aggrieved person
  • Any other person on behalf of aggrieved person

 

Jurisdiction of court

 

The first class magistrate court or metropolitan court shall be the competent court within the local limits of which

  • The aggrieved person permanently or temporary resides or carries on business or is employed
  • The respondent permanently or temporally resides or carries on business or is employed or
  • The cause of action arises.

 

Any order made under this Act shall be enforceable throughout India While disposing application the magistrate shall take in to consideration any domestic incident report received from the protection officer or service provider. The relief sought under this section includes the issuance of order of payment or compensation or damages without prejudice to the right of such person to institute suit for compensation or damages for injuries caused by the act of domestic violence. If the magistrate is satisfied that an application prima facie discloses that the respondent is committing or has committed an act of domestic violence or there is a likelihood of such violence, he may grant following exparte interim order against the respondent on the basis of affidavit of the aggrieved person. Magistrate can issue different orders such as Protection order, residence order, monetary relief, custody order or compensatory orders as per the circumstances of the case.

 

In case of an earlier decree of compensation or damages passed by any other court, in favour of aggrieved person, the amount if any paid shall be set off against the order of amount payable under this act. The application to the magistrate shall be as nearly possible to the formats prescribed under this Act and Rules. After receiving the application the Magistrate shall fix the date of first hearing within 3 days and the magistrate shall endeavor to dispose of every application be within a period of 60 days of the first hearing. The notice of the date of hearing shall be given by the magistrate to the protection officer who shall get it served to the respondent. At any stage of the application, the magistrate may order, counselling of the respondent or aggrieved person either singly or jointly with any member of service provider. The magistrate may secure the service of suitable person preferably a woman including a person engaged in the welfare of women for assisting the court in the discharge of its function. If the circumstance of the case so warrant and if either party so desires the magistrate may conduct the proceedings on camera.

Right to reside in a shared house hold

 

Every women in a domestic relationship shall have the right to reside in the shared household, irrespective of the fact that she has right, title or beneficial interest in it. The aggrieved person shall not be evicted from the shared house hold or any part of it by the respondent without the procedure established by the law. The Hon’ble Supreme court in a case, S.R Batra and another V Smt Taruna Batra, held that the exclusive property of mother -in-law of Smt Taruna Batra is not a shared household as defined in S.2 of the Act. shared property means the house belongs to husband or taken rent by him or joint family property. Wherever the couple lived together in the past and treating that property as shared household would lead to chaos and such interpretation would be absurd.

Different kinds of order issued by the Magistrate

Protection orders

After giving an opportunity to the aggrieved person and respondent of being heard and the magistrate is satisfied that a prima facie case of domestic violence has taken place or is likely to take place, pass a protection order in favour of the aggrieved person prohibiting the respondent from the following acts such as Committing any acts of domestic violence

 

  • Aiding or abetting in the act of domestic violence
  • Entering the place of employment of aggrieved person or if the person is child, its school or any other places
  • Attempting to communicate in any form including personal, oral or written, electronic or telephonic contact
  • Alienating any assets, operating bank account, bank locker held or enjoyed by both parties jointly or singly by the respondent including her sthridhan
  • Causing violence to the dependents, or other relative or any other person who give the assistance to the aggrieved person or
  • Committing any other acts specified by the protection officer

 

Residence orders

 

The magistrate being satisfied that a domestic violence has taken place, pass residence order-

  • Restraining the respondent from dispossessing or in any manner disturbing the peaceful possession of the shared household
  • Directing the respondent to remove himself from the shared household
  • Restraining the respondent or his relatives from entering any portion of the shared house hold where the aggrieved person lives
  • Restraining the respondent from alienating or disposing of the shared house hold or encumbering it
  • Restraining the respondent from renouncing his right in the shared household
  • Directing the respondent to secure same level of alternate accommodation for the aggrieved person as enjoyed by her or to pay rent for the same if the circumstances so require.

 

No order shall be made against women under this section. Magistrate may impose additional condition and pass any other order to protect the safety of the aggrieved person or her child. Magistrate is also empowered to order direction the concerned station house officer of the police station to give protection to the aggrieved person r to assist in implementing his order. Magistrate may also impose on the respondent to direct stridhan or any other property or valuabale security she is entitled

Monetary relief

 

The magistrate may direct the respondent to pay monetary relief to meet the expenses of the aggrieved person and any child as a result of domestic violence and such relief include

  • Loss of earnings
  • Medical expenses
  • Loss caused due to destruction or removal or damage of any property
  • Pass order as to maintenance for the aggrieved person as well as her children if any

 

Including the order under or in addition to an order of maintenance under section 125 criminal procedure code or any other law.

 

The quantum of relief shall be fair reasonable and consistent with the standard of living to which the aggrieved person is accustomed to. Magistrate can order a lump sum amount also . On failure of the respondent to make payment of this order, magistrate shall order employer or debtor of the respondent to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit in the court a portion of the salary or wage due to the respondent. Magistrate can order a lump sum amount also . On failure of the respondent to make payment of this order, magistrate shall order employer or debtor of the respondent to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit in the court a portion of the salary or wage due to the respondent.

Custody orders

 

Magistrate can grant temporary custody of any child or children to the aggrieved person or to the person making application on her behalf and specify the arrangements for visit of such child by the respondent. Magistrate can refuse the visit of such respondent in such case if it may harmful to the interest of the child.

Compensation orders

 

Magistrate may pass order directing the respondent to pay compensation to the petitioner for injuries including mental torture and emotional distress caused by the acts of domestic violence committed by the respondent.

Copies of orders passed by the magistrate shall be supplied free of cost to the parties concerned and police officer and service provider

Any relief available under this Act may also be sought in any other legal proceedings before a civil court,family court or criminal court and such relief may be sought in addition to and along with relief sought for in suit, or legal proceeding before civil or criminal court.

 

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